Physics Class 9 PDF Download – Punjab Board PCTB (Urdu & English Medium)

Class 9 students can download the official Physics textbook here for free. This book is published by Punjab Curriculum and Textbook Board (PCTB) Lahore and is prepared in accordance with the Updated/Revised National Curriculum of Pakistan 2023.

Physics Class 9 covers the foundational concepts of physical science from measurements and kinematics to magnetism and the nature of science. Both Urdu and English medium editions are available for download below. This book is essential for 9th class board exam preparation and for students planning to pursue FSC Pre-Engineering or Pre-Medical.

Book Overview

Class	9th Class / Matric Part 1
Subject	Physics
Board	Punjab Board (PCTB)
Curriculum	Updated/Revised National Curriculum of Pakistan 2023
Author	Professor (Rtd.) Muhammad Nisar
Publisher	SNOWMAN Publishers, Lahore
Edition	2025-26
Total Chapters	9
Total Pages	200
Medium	Urdu and English (both available)
Format	PDF (Free Download)

Chapter List

Chapter 1: Physical Quantities and Measurements

Chapter 1 distinguishes physical quantities, which can be measured with instruments, from non-physical ones like love or beauty. It separates base quantities from derived quantities and lists the seven SI base units — metre, kilogram, second, kelvin, ampere, candela and mole — plus derived units such as m/s, newton and pascal. Students learn prefixes, scientific notation, and least count: 1 mm for a metre rule, 0.1 mm for Vernier Callipers, and 0.01 mm for a screw gauge. The chapter also covers zero and parallax error, human, systematic and random errors, uncertainty, significant figures, and precision versus accuracy.

Important Questions:

• What is measurement, and what are its two parts? Measurement is the process of comparing an unknown quantity with a widely accepted standard quantity. It consists of two parts, a number and a unit, and a measurement without a unit is meaningless.
• How is the least count of a micrometer screw gauge calculated? Least count = pitch of the screw gauge divided by the number of divisions on the circular scale. With a pitch of 0.5 mm and 50 divisions on the thimble, the least count is 0.01 mm.
• Differentiate between precision and accuracy of a measurement. Precision refers to how close a group of measurements are to each other and depends on the instrument used, so a smaller least count means greater precision. Accuracy refers to how close a measured value is to the true value.
• Explain the reasons for human, systematic and random errors. Human errors arise from personal limitations such as faulty scale reading or reaction time. Systematic errors affect all readings equally due to zero error or poor calibration. Random errors give different values on repeated measurement due to unpredictable fluctuations, and are reduced by averaging.

Chapter 2: Kinematics

Kinematics studies motion without reference to the forces causing it. The chapter distinguishes scalars (distance, mass, time, speed, energy) from vectors (displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, weight), and shows vectors drawn to scale and added by the head-to-tail rule. It covers rest and motion; translatory (linear, random, circular), rotatory and vibratory motion; distance versus displacement; and speed versus velocity. Key relations include v = S/t, a = (v₂ − v₁)/t, the three equations of motion, and g taken as 10 m/s². Gradients give speed and acceleration, while the area under a speed-time graph gives distance.

Important Questions:

• State the head-to-tail rule for addition of vectors. Redraw the vectors so the head of one meets the tail of the next; the resultant is the single vector drawn from the tail of the first vector to the head of the last vector.
• What do the gradients of a distance-time graph and of a speed-time graph represent? The gradient of a distance-time graph equals the average speed of the body, while the gradient of a speed-time graph equals its average acceleration.
• A truck starts from rest and reaches a velocity of 90 km/h in 50 seconds. Find its average acceleration. Converting 90 km/h to 25 m/s and using a = (v₂ − v₁)/t gives 25/50 = 0.5 m/s².
• A body is moving with uniform speed. Will its velocity be uniform? Not necessarily. Velocity is uniform only if both speed and direction stay unchanged, so a body moving at constant speed along a circular path has non-uniform velocity.

Chapter 3: Dynamics

Dynamics studies the forces that cause changes in motion. A force is a push or pull that starts, stops or changes velocity, and forces are classed as contact (friction, drag, thrust, normal force, tension) or non-contact field forces (gravitational, electrostatic, magnetic, strong and weak nuclear). The four fundamental forces include the electroweak unification, for which Dr. Abdus Salam shared the 1979 Nobel Prize. Key relations are F = Gm₁m₂/r², F = ma, w = mg with g = 10 N/kg, p = mv, and impulse FΔt = mΔv. Newton’s three laws, friction, terminal velocity and conservation of momentum carry heavy exam weight.

Important Questions:

• Which is a non-contact force: friction, air resistance, electrostatic force, or tension in a string? Electrostatic force. It acts between two charged objects without physical contact and, like gravity, is a long-range field force.
• Define impulse of force. Impulse is the product of a large force and the short time interval for which it acts, F × Δt, and it equals the total change in momentum mΔv of the object.
• Define terminal velocity of an object. Terminal velocity is the constant velocity a falling object attains when the upward force of air resistance balances the downward force of gravity, so the object stops accelerating.
• How can you show that rolling friction is less than sliding friction? A body on wheels or ball bearings faces far less resistance than the same body without them. Rolling friction is about a hundred times smaller than sliding friction because the wheel touches the surface at only a point and does not slide.

Chapter 4: Turning Effects of Force

Chapter 4 extends force concepts to rotation. Parallel forces are “like” when they act in the same direction and “unlike” when opposite. Torque, or moment of a force, is the product of force and moment arm (τ = F × ℓ), measured in newton metres, positive for anticlockwise and negative for clockwise rotation. Two equal, opposite parallel forces at different points form a couple, and the principle of moments states that clockwise moments equal anticlockwise moments at balance. Other exam-critical topics include resolution of forces, centre of gravity and centre of mass, the two conditions of equilibrium, types of equilibrium, and centripetal force Fₜ = mv²/r.

Important Questions:

• Define like and unlike parallel forces. Parallel forces acting in the same direction are called like parallel forces. Parallel forces acting in opposite directions are called unlike parallel forces.
• What is the line of action of a force, and what is the moment arm? The line along which a force acts is called its line of action. The perpendicular distance of that line of action from the axis of rotation is the moment arm.
• State the principle of moments. When a body is in a balanced position, the sum of clockwise moments about any point equals the sum of anticlockwise moments about that point.
• A 30 cm long spanner is used to open a car nut. If the required torque is 150 N m, how much force should be applied? Using τ = F × ℓ, F = 150 N m ÷ 0.30 m = 500 N.

Chapter 5: Work, Energy and Power

Chapter 5 defines work as the product of force and the distance covered in the direction of that force, W = F × S, with W = FS cos θ when the force acts at an angle. Work is zero if there is no displacement or if the force is perpendicular to motion. Work and energy are scalars measured in joules (1 J = 1 N m). Energy is the ability to do work, stored as kinetic energy Eₖ = ½mv² or potential energy Eₚ = mgh. The chapter covers conservation of energy, why perpetual machines fail, renewable versus non-renewable sources, power P = W/t in watts (1 hp = 746 W), and percentage efficiency.

Important Questions:

• What is the work done on an object that remains at rest when a force is applied on it? The work done is zero, because work requires displacement. If there is no displacement then W = F × 0 = 0, as with a man pushing a fixed wall.
• Define efficiency of a working system, and why can it never be 100%? Efficiency is the ratio of useful output energy to total input energy, expressed as a percentage. It can never reach 100% because during every energy conversion some energy is unavoidably wasted as heat through friction and air resistance.
• A slow-moving car may have more kinetic energy than a fast-moving motorcycle. How is this possible? Kinetic energy depends on both mass and velocity through Eₖ = ½mv². A car’s much greater mass can outweigh the motorcycle’s higher speed, giving the car a larger kinetic energy.
• State the principle of conservation of energy and apply it to a falling body. Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed, so the total stays constant. A body at height h has Eₚ = mgh and Eₖ = 0; as it falls the potential energy converts into kinetic energy, and just before hitting the ground Eₚ = 0 while Eₖ = mgh.

Chapter 6: Mechanical Properties of Matter

Chapter 6 covers deformation of solids, density and pressure. A deforming force changes an object’s size or shape; elastic materials regain their original form once the force is removed, up to the elastic limit, while clay or plasticine are inelastic. Hooke’s law states F = kx within the elastic limit, where the spring constant k = F/x measures stiffness and equals the slope of a force-extension graph. Density is mass per unit volume, pressure P = F/A in pascals, and liquid pressure P = ρgh increases with depth. Barometers and manometers measure atmospheric pressure, and Pascal’s law explains the hydraulic press and hydraulic brakes.

Important Questions:

• State Pascal’s law and give an application of it. When pressure is applied at one point in an enclosed fluid, it is transmitted equally to all parts of the fluid without loss. Applications include the hydraulic press, car lifts at service stations, and hydraulic brakes of vehicles.
• What is Hooke’s law? Does an object remain elastic beyond the elastic limit? Within the elastic limit, the extension of a spring is directly proportional to the applied force, so F = kx. Beyond the elastic limit the object does not remain elastic, because the deformation becomes permanent.
• Why do heavy animals like an elephant have a large area of the foot? Because pressure is force divided by contact area, the large flat feet spread the elephant’s weight over a big area so the pressure stays low; otherwise its bones would not tolerate the high pressure.
• A spring is stretched 20 mm by a load of 40 N. Calculate the spring constant, and the weight causing a 16 mm extension. k = F/x = 40 N ÷ 0.020 m = 2000 N/m. The weight producing 16 mm extension is F = kx = 2000 × 0.016 = 32 N.

Chapter 7: Thermal Properties of Matter

Chapter 7 explains matter through kinetic molecular theory: molecules are always in motion and attract each other by intermolecular forces that weaken with distance, giving solids fixed shape and volume, liquids fixed volume only, and gases neither. Plasma, with positive ions and free electrons, is the conducting fourth state found in stars and lightning. Temperature is the degree of hotness and decides the direction of heat flow, while heat is energy in transit. Key exam formulas are T₣ = 9/5 T₃ + 32, T₃ = 5/9(T₣ − 32) and Tₖ = T₃ + 273, with absolute zero at about −273°C.

Important Questions:

• What is meant by the temperature of a body? Temperature is the degree of hotness or coldness of a body, and it is the physical quantity that determines the direction of flow of thermal energy between two bodies in contact.
• Why is mercury usually preferred to alcohol as a thermometric liquid? Mercury is a good conductor so it responds quickly to temperature change, is opaque and easily visible, does not wet glass, and covers a long range (freezing at −39°C, boiling at 357°C), whereas alcohol boils at only 78°C.
• What is meant by the sensitivity and the linearity of a thermometer? Sensitivity is the ability to detect small temperature changes, so a thermometer with 0.1°C divisions is more sensitive than one with 1°C divisions. Linearity means the scale reading is directly proportional to temperature, with evenly spaced markings.
• Normal human body temperature is 98.6°F. Convert it into the Celsius and Kelvin scales. Using T₃ = 5/9(98.6 − 32) gives 37°C, and Tₖ = 37 + 273 gives 310 K.

Chapter 8: Magnetism

Chapter 8 covers magnetism as a force acting at a distance on magnetic materials such as iron, nickel and cobalt, while brass, copper, wood, glass and plastic remain unaffected. It explains magnetic poles, that like poles repel and unlike poles attract, that repulsion is the true test of a magnet, and that isolated poles cannot exist. Students study induced magnetism, temporary versus permanent magnets, magnetic fields and lines of force, neutral points, electromagnets in relays, circuit breakers, cranes and maglev trains, domain theory distinguishing paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic materials, and methods of magnetisation and demagnetisation.

Important Questions:

• Define the magnetic field of a magnet. A magnetic field is the region around a magnet in which another magnetic object experiences a force. Its direction at a point is that in which the N-pole of a compass needle settles.
• What are temporary and permanent magnets? Temporary magnets, usually of soft iron, act as magnets only while in the field of a permanent magnet or while current flows. Permanent magnets, made of steel and alloys such as alnico and ferrite, retain their magnetism.
• How can you identify whether an object is a magnet or just a magnetic material? Bring one end of the object near each pole of a suspended bar magnet in turn. If it is attracted by both poles it is only a magnetic material; if one pole repels it, the object is a magnet, since repulsion is the real test.
• What are magnetic domains? In ferromagnetic materials, large groups of neighbouring atoms have their electron spins naturally aligned parallel, forming highly magnetised regions about 0.1 mm in size called magnetic domains. Each domain acts as a small magnet with its own north and south poles.

Chapter 9: Nature of Science

Chapter 9 explains that science is collective knowledge about natural phenomena, split into biological sciences and physical sciences, with physics as the fundamental physical science dealing with matter, energy, space, time and their interactions. It lists branches such as mechanics, heat and thermodynamics, acoustics, optics, electromagnetism, quantum mechanics, nuclear and particle physics, astronomy and cosmology, plus interdisciplinary fields like biophysics, medical physics and geophysics. Exams focus on the steps of the scientific method, the difference between a theory and a law, the falsifiability concept, and distinguishing science, technology and engineering.

Important Questions:

• List the main steps of the scientific method. Identify a problem, gather information by observation, propose a hypothesis, perform experiments to test it, analyse the data to reach a conclusion called a theory, and after repeated testing formulate a law.
• Distinguish between a theory and a law of Physics. A theory is a logical explanation of the causes and effects of a natural event, formed after successful verification of a hypothesis by experiment. A law is a theory that has been tested many times and is generally accepted as true.
• What is the falsifiability concept and why is it important? Falsifiability means a theory is scientific only if it makes predictions that can be tested and potentially proven false. It matters because it separates genuine scientific theories from untestable beliefs.
• What is the basis of laser technology, and on what principle is automobile technology based? Laser technology is based on the principles of atomic physics and is used in medical diagnosis, metallurgy, industry, telecommunication and space exploration. Automobile technology is based on the principles of thermodynamics.

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Download Physics Class 9 PDF

Both Urdu and English medium editions are available below. Download the one that matches your medium.

English Medium (2025-26)

⬇ Download PDF (English Medium)

Urdu Medium (2025-26)

⬇ Download PDF (Urdu Medium)

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Who Should Read This

This book is for all Class 9 students studying Physics under Punjab Board. It is especially important for students planning to take FSC Pre-Engineering or Pre-Medical, as Class 9 Physics builds the conceptual foundation for higher-level physics. ECAT aspirants will also benefit from mastering the motion, force, and energy topics in this book.

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Applicable Boards

This PCTB textbook is used across all Punjab Board affiliated schools — Lahore Board, Faisalabad Board, Gujranwala Board, Multan Board, Rawalpindi Board, Sargodha Board, DG Khan Board, and Sahiwal Board.

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